Pella

          Although I was disappointed that the archaeological site of Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia, was closed the museum was fascinating and gave me many insights into the transition of different lifestyles and perceptions throughout history.

           King Aracelaus founded Pella and later King Phillip II and Alexander the Great ruled from this great city. It attracted many Greek artists such as Zeuxis and Euripedes. We actually got to view the mosaics that Zeuxis created in the luxurious homes of Dionysus and Helen. 

           We notice the transition from the modest city homes in Athens to the more luxurious houses in Pella. In earlier times, it was dishonorable to not participate in the city state whether it is voting or being on the jury. In Pella, we see people wanting to move away from the political life and retreat to extravagantly decorated homes. It was actually looked down upon to have these larger houses because one should be dedicated their time, money, and effort into the state and not themselves. One was considered useless and an "idiot" if they didn't fulfill their political duties. 

           In addition, discussion and fellowship moved from the public agoras to the private symposiums or drinking parties. A person's house was the new forum for debate and fellowship. Whereas there used to be a separation of public and private, agora and house, it is now merging into one. This also brought women closer to the action. Although, they technically were not allowed to listen to the conversations and participant in the symposium, it was still brought into their arena- the home. Actually, women in Sparta exercised much more freedom than other Greek women. Most Greek women remained in the house and that is why in paintings their skin is very pale. Spartan women were allowed to go out in public and interact with men and women around town. 

           Another transition I discovered was found within the coins. Coins used to feature the patron god or goddess and their tradition symbol. For example, in Athens, Athena was featured with an owl or olive branch. However, coins soon gave tribute to the emperors instead. This also parallels with the temples we have seen in Pergamon; the shift from Olympic gods to emperor worship. The temple dedicated to the emperor Trajan that sits above the temples for both Zeus and Athena is an example of the progression of devotion. 

Greek Orthodoxy (Monasteries, St. Paul's Alter, and Basilicas)

          Large metropolitan cities, amazing beaches, and remote mountain villages are mostly our destinations, but Meteora had it's own beauty and mystique. The Greek word literally means "suspended rock," which is an accurate portrayal of the landscape with it's rocks extended towards the sky. The monasteries are built on top of these large pinnacles and monks would use a pulley system with nets to hoist themselves up. However now there are long winding staircases. 

           The first monastery we visited was named after the ascetic monk named Barlaam who climbed the rock and built three churches in dedication to the Three Hierarchs; Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom. No one followed him up there, so after his death the site was abandoned and fell into ruin until Theophanes and Nektarios Asparades found it again. They erected the ruins and dedicated the monastery to All Saints. 

           The inside of the monastery was covered in bright, colorful frescoes that literally left no space unpainted and depicted scenes of redemption and martyrdom from the new testament. Many ancient worshippers could not read the bible so these murals would serve as testimonies of perseverance, visual representation of faith, and aids to reflection. By viewing the Saints and their sacrifices, a person is able to draw inspiration and encouragement. Our tour guide explained that the Greek Orthodox pray to the Saints, not as gods but as a median to God. The Saints bring them closer to the divine as sort of messengers and role models. 

           Icons, artistic depictions of Christ, the Virgin Mary and the Saints, covered the walls inside both the monasteries and the basilica. I noticed a woman in the basilica kissing each of the icons reverently. She was not worshipping idols, but becoming one with the figure in the icon. That is why they are always flat and two-dimensional because when you look at them or kiss them, you become the third dimension. Some believe that the icons are flat because humans do not understand the world of the divine spirits and cannot comprehend it using our five senses. This is very different from the Roman Catholics style of worship where they employ statues that are life-like and three dimensional. However, they still are not worshipped but used as visual aids and decorations. 

           Symbolism in the art and the depiction of the Saints was very evident in the frescoes, mosaics, and other icons. A recurring theme was the color symbolism; gold represents the kingdom of God, blue is the human life, and red is the divine life. Jesus is always painted wearing a red undergarment and a blue outer garment which conveys his descent from the divine into mortal form. The Virgin Mary has the opposite set of garments and illustrates her birth into mortality and her descent to divinity. I found this motif in all three sites we saw; the Meteora Monasteries, St. Paul's alter, and St. Demetrius basilica. 

           The Saints were also depicted in an idealized way with their ears and eyes big showing their reception of Christ's words and their beauty masked because their souls were far surpassing physical attraction. The saints were always painted on the lower parts of the walls, which connect more with the humans worshipping. It demonstrates that they are the link between this world and the divine. The face of Jesus Christ is always on the top part of the dome, which is a visual representation of Him in heaven. The basilica had an interesting representation of the angels almost lifting up the dome of Jesus and the Virgin Mary. 

           The basilica of St. Demetrius was built on the site of his martyrdom where he was speared to death. The Virgin Mary is depicted with the baby Jesus in her arms in the pews with glowing amber windows that gave the whole building a sacred glow. In the Orthodox Church, Mary is always shown higher than the Saints because although she was also human she was blessed and sacrificed her body to bring Jesus Christ into our world. She is a physical manifestation of the divine and mortal world connecting. The basilica interestingly was also the site of some Roman Baths that we got to explore. 

           I also noticed a fountain that looked similar to the ablutions we saw in Turkey. The idea of cleansing and purification seem to be prevalent in all religions. In Islamic faith one must take off their shoes and cleanse their hands, feet, and face before entering the mosque. Christians believe in baptism as a liberation from sin that separates us from God or a declaration of a person's belief and faith in Christ. Jews do a ritual washing which include washing the hands, feet or even total immersion intended to restore or maintain a state of ritual purity. The ancient greeks that worshipped the Olympic gods were also insistent on being cleansed. In Oresteia, for example, Apollo cleanses Orestes of his mother's blood he shed. Many could not enter sanctuaries of the gods if they were not cleansed. That is why criminals and such were not allowed to enter. Also, pregnant women (because if they had a miscarriage) and those who were approaching death could not walk the sacred path of Apollo's sanctuary because they would dishonor the sacred area with death. 

           Although I noticed a lot of similarities between all the religions and especially between the Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholicism. I couldn't help but contrast it with the style of worship I'm used too. I'm not an avid church attendee but I do like to accompany my brother to his non-denominational church in Austin. It's much more relaxed than traditional churches where people from nice dresses to jeans and sandals show up and have fellowship with one another. It's an amazing time for reflection and celebration about our relationship with Jesus Christ. This seems to be very different from the reverent style of worship found in the Catholic or Orthodox Church. My perception is that some focus on the original sin and the need for repentance. Whereas most of the Christian worship I have experienced is more uplifting and praises humans as God's children and made in his image. Also, protestants seem to engage in more musical worship which is not seen in orthodoxy. Regardless, both styles of worship glorify God either in beautiful artistic paintings, frescoes, or music. 

Delphi

          Delphi Museum was so interesting because I was able to make some interesting connections and insights about Greek culture throughout history. 

           It was fascinating to see the parallel between the different movements throughout the century. We noticed the transition in art in the sculptures from more idealistic and smiling faces to realistic and unemotional faces. This mirrors the philosophical movement that Dr. Shultz mentioned that taught temperance and control. In Plato's Republic, we have discussed the virtues; wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice. The emphasis of controlled emotion within the sculptures shows the Greek ideal of mastery of certain sorts of pleasures and appetites. 

           An additional parallel that the tour guide pointed out was between the theatre and politics. Play writers were able to express their creativity through dramatic comedies and tragedies. Sometimes they conveyed important themes like justice in Aeschylus' Oresteia. New plays were showcased in the theatre of Dionysus and competed for top prizes. The protagonist of each performance reflected the freedom of a democratic voter during this time. He is allowed to make choices, but has to deal with his decisions and the gods help guide him throughout the process. Voters, like the main character, especially in Athens, exercise a lot of freedom in the political system. 

           Another interesting motif I discovered was the universal depiction of snakes being evil and harmful. Apollo had to kill the Phython that protected the center of the earth in Delphi so that he could build his sanctuary there. This is also symbolic of the new worship of the Olympian gods over the old deities such as mother earth. At this sanctuary, the archaeologists included artifacts from the byzantine era that showed a cross triumphantly on top of a snake. In the bible, the snake is depicted as a deceptive creature that tricks Adam and Eve into eating from the Tree of Knowledge. 

           About the site itself, I found the discovery of the toxic gases that rose from the ground underneath the temple itself making the priestesses high riveting . Even the water that they drank was contaminated with poison! They would fast for days before they entered the temple for long hours in order to prepare themselves, but you would think that would give them a hunch that something weird was going on within the temple. Our tour guide said that one time a man forced one of the woman to go in and tell him his prophecy but she had not yet fasted so she passed away. Greek worship was really intense and their beliefs were so strong that they would sacrifice their own children (Agamemnon sacrificing Iphegenia). So maybe it isn't so crazy that they would really think the the god of prophesy, Apollo, was really speaking through them. 

           The amount of influence that these women had over the city was also quite amazing. Usually women maintained the house and raised the children. There place was in the home and away from public affairs and decisions. However, the priestesses of Apollo could control the choices the men made by their prophesies. It reminds me of the movie, "My Big Fat Greek Wedding," when the mother explains that a man is the head and the women is the neck that can turn the head any way she wants.

The sanctuary of Apollo was an interesting panhellenic site where Greek city states would demonstrate their wealth and influence. Athens, for example, had an elaborate treasury house that depicted their prestige and honor. After any astounding victory they would make sacrifices to the gods and bring trophies to showcase in their treasury. It's like the Baylor Panhellenic building at Baylor where every sorority has their own room that is decorated in beautiful pictures of past classes, achievement plaques, and important artifacts. 

           Another way the Greeks showed off their superiority over another was in the Pythian Games. The Olympic Games are held in such high regard that we sometimes forget about the many other athletic events that occurred. In modern day, no one every keeps up with the world championships in track and field or the national championship, but when the Olympics come around everyone is all on the track bandwagon. The Pythian Games were a precursor to the Olympics. The victors were presented with a laurel crown cut from a tree symbolical representing the slaying of the Python. What made these games different was that it hosted musical competitions because Apollo was also the god of music. 

           Not only do these games unite the several Greek city states, but so do their common religion and language. Dr. Henry pointed out that whenever another Greek nation conquered another they would still respect the temples that were already establish. Many say that is why the Greeks were punished after the Trojan war because they looted the temple of Apollo. 

Assignment 13

          Although Socrates and Jesus lived in two different eras and one preached Christianity and the other philosophy, they share a lot of the same values, lifestyles, and teaching skills. Referencing Matthew in the New Testament about Jesus' crucifixion and Plato's Apology, which is about Socrates' defense in his trial, we can recognize similarities between the two "teachers."

           Both state that there is no reason to fear death, but for different reasons. The Bible explains, "An fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul (Matthew 16.26)," which states that you should not fear earthly harm, but spiritual which only God can inflict. Christianity believes that earthly possessions and suffering is only in this life, but then you are rewarded with eternal salvation. Socrates states, "A good man cannot be harmed in either life or death, and that his affairs are not neglected by the gods," which basically says the same thing except he did not believe in eternal salvation. Instead, he believed that fearing the gods are more important and vital than fearing humans.

           Also, Socrates explains that he does not fear death because he does not actually know what death entails, so how can he be afraid of the unknown? He says, "To fear death, gentlemen, is no other than to think oneself wise when one is not, to think one knows what one does not know." Socrates acknowledges the limits of human wisdom and does not claim to know what he does not. Actually, he believes himself to be wise because he recognizes his lack of knowledge. Jesus also warns people of speaking "idle words" because they will be judged later. This actually reminds me of how recently one man claimed that the rapture was coming and when he didn't he looked like a complete idiot. In the bible specifically it states that no man knows the day, but only God. I think Socrates could agree with this sentiment that humans do not know as much as they claim. 

           There lifestyles also mimicked each other like forgiveness and rejection of wealth. Although persecuted and ridiculed, both never took revenge or were bitter  towards their prosecutors. Socrates states, "Men of Athens, I am grateful and I am your friend but I will obey the god rather than you, and as long as I draw breath and am able, I shall not cease to practice philosophy, to exhort you and in my usual way to point out to any one of you whom I happen to meet." Both of them preached and taught for their love of humanity and for a higher purpose. Those accusing them of wrong wanted them to beg for mercy, but they refused and held themselves to a higher standard. Socrates says, "I was convicted because I lacked not words but boldness and shamelessness and the willingness to say to you what you would most gladly have heard from me, lamentations and tears and my saying and doing many things that I saw are unworthy of me but that you are accustomed to hear from others." Jesus also was taunted by bystanders asking him why he doesn't save himself if he is the Son of God and etc. 

           Socrates explains though that although he is unique, there will be more followers of his philosophy and they will continue to question society until justice is administered and the good is discovered. Several Christians were converted after the resurrection of Christ and his Apostles scattered around the world to preach his teachings. Socrates says, "You are wrong if you believe that by killing people you will prevent anyone from reproaching you for not living the right way." 

           The way that Socrates and Jesus taught was also quite similar. They both spoke in parables. Jesus says, "Therefore speak I to them in parables: because they seeing see not; and hearing they hear not neither do they understand. And in them is fulfilled the prophecy of Esaias, which saith, By hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing ye shall see, and shall not perceive: for this people's heart is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes they have closed; lest at nay time they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and should understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them." Socrates also faced closed minded people that would not listen to him speak. He gave insightful analogies about the minds of humans and conduct of society. However, the largest difference in their teachings is that Jesus knows the answer and is preaching it. Whereas Socrates is seeking the answer and those he asks fail him. Socrates proves them wrong through facts, reason, and analogies but Jesus simply states what is the Truth. 

Athens Day Four

          Athens today was exceptional; we got to visit Corinthians and Mycenae. However, the most life-changing experience was the Special Olympic Opening Ceremonies. It was truly amazing and more inspiring than any of the other sites we have seen. Not just because I'm a sports nut and I've been an Olympic fan since the dawn of time, but because of what the Special Olympics stood for. 

           It was a revolution for equality. The goal is to give the opportunity for everyone to compete and feel the power of sports to lift self-esteem and pride. The key word that was reiterated throughout the ceremony was dignity. People with disabilities want to be treated with respect and allowed to participant in all endeavors of life. Timothy Kennedy Shriver spoke on behalf of his mother, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, about how impossibility is a frame of mind and that the only disadvantage anyone has is not believing in themselves and their god-given abilities. Everyone has a talent and a gift from God. Stevie Wonder gave a moving performance and speech about how God makes no mistakes and that were made perfectly in his eyes. 

           It warmed my heart to see the parade of athletes walk across the long platform with huge smiles on their faces. In a world that constantly puts them down and makes them feel less about themselves, it's truly revolutionary to create an environment of positivity and support. I absolutely loved hearing every person cheering and clapping for every team and seeing how enthusiastic and genuine they were. 

           I'm so grateful to be able to witness such an amazing movement. Everyone should have something they are proud of and that makes them feel good about themselves. Eunice Kennedy Shriver really has impacted the world with the founding of the Special Olympics. In it's short amount of time it has flourished and become one of the biggest events world-wide. Attending this event has been one of the best decisions of my life. 

Athens Day Three

          What a wonderful free morning in Athens. It was nice getting up without an alarm clock and just resting. Usually on our off days we have class and have a full day at the beach or around the town, but it was nice to lay in bed and catch up on some disney shows. Everyday, we are constantly on the move; seeing amazing sites and experiencing different cultures, but it was nice to have some down time just to relax and almost feel like I was back home on my couch in Austin. 

           We did visit Poseidon's temple in Sounion in the late afternoon and it was actually just as relaxing as the morning. The ride to the temple was along the coast of Athens so you can see the calms waves of the Aegean Sea. 

           The temple sat on on top of a hill surrounded by the sea. I found a wonderful protruding rock that looked out over the sea and it was a great time to reflect and look out in the array of blue; turquoise, teal, navy, and sky blue. 

           I've discovered on this trip that I am most at peace when viewing the ocean waters. It's so calming and tranquil. The water is absolutely gorgeous and seems to go on infinitely like the Greek key, we saw in the Acropolis Musuem. The key represents eternal life because it has no beginning or end. 

           The islands surrounded in an enchanted mist add to the mystery of the Sea. The world is so big and there is so much left I haven't seen. What is the name of that island? What kind of people inhabit it? I have so many questions about the world and I wanna discover them for myself. 

           However, I also miss my home and my family. Traveling the world is fantastic and I love every minute, but looking out onto the never-ending see makes me realize how far I am from home. It must of been like what Odysseus must of felt when sitting on Calypso's island longing for Ithaca. 

           I will always yearn for home, but while abroad I find my comfort in the ocean. No matter the struggles I'm facing or the stress I'm under, they magical seem to fade into the sounds of the oceans and the mystic view until they are completely gone. 

Athens Day Two

          Our first full day tour in Greece was filled with exciting sites. First we stopped by the Olympic Stadium, which was personally my favorite (as is all the sports related sites and topics). It's amazing how the Olympics bring unity within a team and also within the whole world; wars are halted and animosity turns into a friendly, competitive spirit. Countries come together to celebrate a time-honored tradition that dates back to 776 BC- 339 AD for the ancient games and 1894 to the present . It's truly amazing what sports can do for an athletes self-esteem and a country's pride. Patriotism is never greater than during the Olympic Games. It is truly a magical event.

          Our second stop was the infamous Athens' Acropolis. After viewing this magnificent site, I can understand how Athens became the envy of every Greek nation, a world treasure, and a model city to look upon. The Romans admired Athens so much that they structured their city, architecture, and lifestyle after the Greeks. Eventually, they viewed themselves as greater than the Greeks and more equal to the Greek gods that they adapted as their own Roman Gods. What struck me the most was the burial place of Philopappus, a prince during the roman empire, that was on the adjacent hill of the acropolis and was on the same level as the Parthenon, the temple dedicated to Nike Athena. He thought he should be buried on the same level as the patron goddess of the city because he has impacted the city just as much. 

          This is a stark contrast in the Christian way of worship. "For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: Not of works, lest any man should boast (Ephesians 2.8-10)." Paul was concerned with the Emperor worship in Ephesus, but commended the resident Christians for keeping their faith and humility. In Pergamon, we witnessed the grandeur of emperor worship and the persecution the Christians must of faced during these times.  

          Every monday, the Baylor Track and Field team has a devotional that not only lifts our spirits and motivates us to work hard, but reminds us that using our talents and abilities glorifies God who gave us these gifts. It makes running more sacred and our victories more sweet because it is for a greater purpose than ourselves. In track and life in general, it's easy to become arrogant and complacent. However, when you live and run for God you continually strive to better yourself to please him and you humble yourself to give gratitude.  

Athens Day One

          After some much needed relaxing in Marmaris, Turkey and Rhodes, Greece, it seemed like a long travel day to Athens, even though it was probably our shortest one. Although I have been getting accustomed to the smaller, remote cities of Turkey like Assos and Pamukkale, I do enjoy the metropolitan area of Athens. Although it is more modernized today and has lost some of it's historical buildings and neoclassical styles, it is still steeped in rich ancient culture and history.  

           We visited Mars Hill that looked honestly just like a huge rock, but it's history of justice makes it fascinating. In classical times, Mars hill was known as the Areopagus and functioned as the chief homicide court of Athens. The name Areopagus is derived from the myth that Ares or Mars, the god of War, was tried here by the gods for the murder of Alirrothios, Poseidon's mortal son. This is an interesting case because it demonstrates that even the god's are subjected to the justice system and do not have free will to do whatever they want. 

           Another legend claims that the trial of Orestes for killing his mother and lover, Clytaemenstra and Aegisthus, took place on Mar's Hill. In our readings of Aeschylus, Orestes flees Mycenae to take refuge in Athena's temple. There she administers justice by demonstrating the athenian trial system with twelve jurors. Her tie-breaking vote for Orestes' sets him free and she appeals to the Furies by giving them a place of glory in Athens. Considering that Mar's Hill just below the acropolis where Athena's glorious temple was built, it would be logical that the trial took place on this location. 

           It is also said that Paul, one of the twelve Apostles, delivered his speech about "the Unknown God," on the Areopagus. Paul noted that the Athenians were very religious and had many objects of worship and altars. One in particular that he noticed had an inscription "TO AN UNKNOWN GOD," he was there to proclaim the unknown God to them. The Athenians were interested and brought him to Mar's Hill to learn about the strange ideas that Paul was teaching. Although some rebuked his claims, others believed in the resurrection of Jesus and became believers and followers. 

           After visiting Ephesus and now arriving in Athens, it's mind-blowing to see the distance that Paul traveled to preach about Christianity and the impact that he must of made. Although he did not convert the masses, he still made a crack in the pagan worshiping society that would soon fall and be converted into a Greek Orthodox state. Similarly to the Christians in Pergamon, it must of been really difficult for Paul to teach about Christianity among the pagans. Also, I wonder how he traveled such a long distance. Obviously by boat? Or maybe he went all the way around traveled down from the north of Greece. Did he walk too? It's so interesting to me to think about because i dread traveling by bus, so i can't imagine walking.  

           I wouldn't however mind walking around the agora, even though women were not permitted. Public meetings such as those to discuss ostracism were held in the agora. The jury ballot was an intriguing system where people would put their name in a slot and there would be coordinating red and white balls on each row. Then whichever row had the white ball drop were the jury for that particular case. The process of picking the assembly (i think it's called) was also systematic. There were 10 provinces and each would pick 50 men to go to the agora and vote and give their opinions about the state of affairs for 36 days. Boys went to the agora to learn how to be good Athenian men. They learned the qualities of leadership, rhetoric, and heroism. 

Rhodes

           I can't believe we are in Greece now! Turkey has been amazing and I'll miss it dearly. We developed a wonderful family with Cenk and Mehmet! Cenk was not only knowledgable but became a wonderful friend to our group. He would not hesitate to answer our questions about something silly like the location of a Karoke Bar. Cenk connected with us on a personal level and got to know all of us individually and catered the tour to what we enjoyed like Starbucks! Ha. I could tell he spent a lot of time thinking about when and where to travel because we avoided the large tourist groups by going on odd days, which was nice because it almost felt like a private tour of the entire archaeological site. Nothing ruins a peaceful view of what would of been a harbor from an ancient theatre more than loud noisy tourist groups. Even though sometimes we were that group. haha. Also, I loved how he would recommend what to eat so we got to experience all of what Turkey had to offer. Cenk was so great! Wish he came to Greece with us! 

           Greece has been beautiful thus far but it is quite different from Turkey. I'm not sure if it is because we are in a very touristy area so the people are not as welcoming an inviting, but so far we have ran into some not so pleasant people (ie our first greek tour guide). We stayed in relatively small towns and cities in Turkey that seemed more quaint. Whereas in Rhodes we are in a very popular hotel that has tourists from all over the world. It also seems to have a more beach and nightlife feel versus our more historic stays in Turkey. Nevertheless, I'm sure I will enjoy Greece just as much. I do love a good beach! 

           Another astonishing difference between Turkey and Greece is the religious culture and background. In Turkey, I finally was able to tune out the frequent Islamic that were played over the loud speakers but Rhodes has a steep history in Christianity. 

           We visited the old town where the Grand Masters Palace is located was where The Knights of Rhodes resided. When the Crusaders took Jerusalem, the Order of the Knights of St. John gained in strength and became more of a military organization under the authority of the church. 

           Contrasting to Turkey when we learned a lot about the conquest and rule of the Ottoman Empire, it was interesting to hear and see the history of the Crusades. Especially because in our readings of the Bible, we read that Christianity was a new religion and a minority within a pagan society so viewing the Christian prominence within this town was intriguing.  

Assignment 12

  There exists many resonances between the inscription about Augustus on Priene and the retelling of Jesus' birth in Luke 1-2. Both births and the blessing's that will come were told by a religious authority; Augustus' by the high priest Apollonius of Menophilus Azanitus and Jesus' the Angel Gabriel. They told of the good fortunes that were to come and the restoration of order in society. Specifically, the inscription said the Augustus would end the war and the Bible claims that Jesus will deliver them out of the hands of evil. The most specific mention of a gospel term was Savior. Each text claims that their people will be saved not only during the current generation but those to come. However, an important distinction to make is that Jesus' offers salvation in the next life not just here on earth. Jesus' will not only correct the world, but remit their sins. Augustus, an earthly king, can only solve societal matters.

  It's interesting to see the two comparisons between the texts, but also the contrast within the Bible itself. We have been studying emperor worship and I have voiced how it is hard for me to imagine worshiping a earthly ruler but the inscription and it's mirroring of our christian image of Jesus Christ makes me understand how it was possible. 

Assignment 11

          The relationship between the Christians and the antagonistic imperial culture around them was very evident in the story about Paul and Thekla. The teachings of Paul were considered extremely radical during the Roman Empire because it overturned the society they were living. Imperialism created a vast empire that was united and protected by the emperor and his army. People began to worship the Emperors as Gods themselves; viewing them as their Savior and Shepard. The Trajan Temple in Pergamon clearly demonstrates this because it is on the highest point of the acropolis, larger than Zeus' and Athena's temples, and had a lion perched on top with water flowing from its mouth symbolizing the power of the emperor and how he is providing for the people of the city. 

          Conversely, Paul taught that Jesus Christ was our true Savior and Shepard and that we should fear God above all things. In the Letter to the Ephesians, Paul wrote how a person cannot love two things, because he will begin to hate the other. True believers could not worship both God and the Emperor. Choosing the Emperor means not having to live in fear on earth and choosing God would mean to be persecuted but in exchange for eternal salvation.

          Christians during this time would conceal their beliefs by having special symbols that marked their faith. At this time the cross was not yet a widely used Christian symbol, but instead a more asterisk looking mark was used. They would etch it into the marble walls of buildings and on the roads of cities to help other Christians know they were here. Roman citizens obliviously would use these marks as games. Being a Christian during the first century was dangerous and the Apostles that traveled to teach risked persecution even more.

          Thekla was so devoted to Paul's word that she sat by the window for days and listened to his teachings. Theocleia, mother of Thekla, was worried that his words would overturn the city of the Iconians because Thekla was engaged to Thamyris but now refuses to marry him: "they wept fearfully, Thamyris indeed for the loss of a wife, and Theocleia of a child, and the maidservants of a mistress: there was accordingly much confusion in the house of mourning." Thekla was an intricate cog in the wheel of society and her decision created mass chaos. Society teaches women to obey their husbands, but Christianity believes God rules over man. Theocleia feels as though she had lost a child because Thekla will not fulfill her duties as a woman by not marrying and having a family. The maidservants are lost because they have no one to tend to and have no sense of duty either. 

          Paul was blamed for persuading the multitudes into embracing Christianity, which will destroy the imperial life they live. He was soon kicked out of the city and Thekla was sentenced to burn in the theatre, (which supposedly was the theatre we sat in at Ephesus). God saves her by putting out the flames with a dark cloud full of rain and she is released. a man named Alexander later fell in love with her and when she would not have him so she was thrown into the stadium with wild beasts. God protected her by surrendering all the lions and had them lick her feet. When Alexander released wild bears on Thekla, God had the lioness protect her by killing the bear. This can also be an interesting metaphor about how the empire used lions as the symbol of their power, but God was able to overcome this power. 

          It was really cool to see these images come to life in the cave that the archaeologists recently discovered on the mountains outside of Ephesus. It is not certain whether this was the cave that Thekla later resides in for 72 years, living a life of asceticism. However, the frescos of Thekla sitting in the house listening to Paul and Theocleia looking on in worry are still stunning and beautifully depict the story.

Aphrodisias and Laodicea

          The ancient city Aphrodisias was a place of myth for so long until the 1950s, Ara Guler, a turkish photographer, took shelter from a severe storm in a village called Geyre in Turkey. The next morning he woke up and walked outside to find two ordinary villagers smoking cigarettes on an extraordinary bench made of marble and had carvings of dolphins, a symbol of fortune tellers during the classical era. With the rain not clouding his vision, Guler found pieces of roman ruins scattered throughout the village, halfway buried into the ground, recycled parts into the new houses, or used as grape mashers. 

          Guler snapped iconic photos that are exhibited at Aphrodisias today and submitted them to his archaeologist friend, Kenan Erim. Erim, students from NYU, and other turkish archaeologists uncovered the entire city; it's stadium, theater, agora, and pool. It's truly amazing how much time and effort the archaeologists commit to these sites. Cenk, our tour guide, explained how the archaeologists must slowly dig and swift through all the dirt looking for smaller ruin pieces. This takes a lot of patience and certain weather conditions, which limits the amount of time they can accomplish this task. The dirt must be completely dry, which means they can only work in the summer, so uncovering sites can take decades, or even longer to uncover. Not only do the seasons limit the archaeologists, but also their area of speciality. Each archaeologist may specialize in a certain era of that particular location, and when they discover a different era outside of their specialty then they must call upon their colleagues that do. 

          Simply finding the location and then digging carefully through meters of earth itself is very difficult, but then the archaeologists must resurrect the ruins. It's like having a life-size puzzle with enormous stone or marble pieces and maybe half of them missing. Dr. Moore, one of our accompanying professors, had visiting the site just five years prior and said that amount of progress that he had witnessed was amazing. From being just a small pieces here and there in a small village, to being piles of stones scattered about, then to having the grand entry way of the city restored to life is quite astonishing. 

          Many considered Aphrodisias to have the best sculpting school in the world and this was demonstrated throughout the city. The friezes that cover the walls of the ancient buildings had sculptures of various faces, which exhibited all the work of the students of the city. Every face was unique as was each student making it. 

          As an athlete, what impacted me that most was these stadium. My heart found joy in knowing that even in the earlier centuries sports brought people together from near and far to witness truly amazing god-given talent. Sports not only give you a sense of pride, but it brings people together: whether your an athlete, a fan, or a coach. The stadium at Aphrodisias was immense and comparable to some large high school stadiums in the U.S today. Although the city itself was not very large, the stadium was built to support the surrounding cities coming to watch the events taking place. It was 198m long or one stadia, which was the standard measuring unit back then. Not only was the stadium steeped with athletic history, but of gladiator and chariot racing. 

          Afterwards, we visited Laodicea whose people were mentioned in the bible, "And unto the angle of the church of the Laodiceans write: These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God; I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: i would tho wet cold or hot. SO then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will sup thee out of my mouth (Revelations 3.14-3:16)." Cenk our tourguide explained that the water that ran through the city came from a nearby town that had a hot spring and by the time it reached Laodicea it was lukewarm. The Bible is using the water as analogy to the faith of the Christians of Laodicea, saying they are neither true believers or non-believers. In I thought it was interesting to see the physical analogy that the Bible references and it reminded me of part of Dante's Inferno. Virgil places these people in the Vestibule, which isn't actually part of Hell. During their life, they chose no side, so they are neither good nor evil and therefore have no real place in hell. The souls in the Vestibule are constantly chasing a wavering flag that can never be caught. As the chase the flag, they are stung by hornets and wasps, while their blood leaks from them feeding the worms and maggots they run across.

Assignment 10

              When we arrived in the city of Bergama, we first visited the Asclepieion or the Sanctuary of Asclepius, the god of healing. The people of the ancient Pergamon would go there to receive a holistic healing process. The natural spring would flow into the Aslepieion and the doctors used these natural resources to cure their patients. The hot and cold water would flow separately into two areas and were utilized for hydrotherapy, where the patient switches between the two temperatures of water for pain relief. This technique is still used today in advanced treatment rooms for athletes. After long workouts and weight lifting sessions, the Baylor Track and Field team alternate between the hot and cold jet tubs every two minutes to flush out the lactic acid. How this works is the hot water relaxes your muscles and then when you switch to the cold water it constricts the muscles and releases the lactic acid into your blood vessels like squeezing toothpaste from a tube. For this reason, it is so important to drink plenty of fluids before and after workouts to excrete the lactic acid waste. 

               This is just another great reminder of how people back then were not so different then people today. This idea makes learning history a better experience because you can relate to the figures you are studying versus them just being some random person in time. Soon we will be part of the history books and future space living, car flying, teleporting people will read about what we did during this century. Isn't that cool to think about how people might look at buildings we see on a daily basis and study them and try to uncover our culture. This relates back to our discussion about the Hagia Sophia and how it is hard to imagine worshiping in such a grand church and to share fellowship with people in the community there. However during those times maybe the church was just a church and not a magnificent architectural masterpiece filled with cultural history. 

               Back to to the Asclepieion, the holistic nature of the healing process that it encompasses was the most fascinating to me. The idea of health as the mind, body, and soul was very prevalent during these times. In order to increase morale, the Asclepieion had a Roman theater, temple, and a library. There was an underground tunnel that the patient would slowly walk through and steam would rise within the dark walls with opium while the doctor would walk along the outside of the tunnel and speak encouraging words. Positive affirmation is so powerful that successful athletes go to sports psychologists to practice it. Every Monday, the Baylor track team has a devotion for the week and I firmly believe that it impacts not only our morale but our performance. 

               I hope that western medicine soon adopts a more holistic style, not only for our own personal health to improve, but our lifestyle. I feel that we rely to much on prescription drugs and for doctors to just cure us instantly. Often we worry to much about our physical health, but neglect our mental or spiritual health. I believe that all three are connected and if one is lacking, then all three will decline. When all three of these things are actively working together, then our lifestyles changes dramatically for the better and our overall health skyrockets. 

               After visiting the Asclepieion, we took a cable car up to the Acropolis. The view was once again stunning and the ruins were amazing to visualize the life the citizens must of enjoyed here. The structure of the Temple for the Emperor Trajan was astonishing, especially the base that can withstand up to a 9 richter scale earthquake. The bible writes, "To the angel of the church in Pergamum write: These are the words of him who has the sharp, double-edged sword. I know where you live- where Satan has his throne. Yet you remain true to my name. You did not renounce your faith in me, not even in the days of Antipas, my faithful witness, who has put to death in your city, where Satan lives (Revelations 2:12-13)." During this time the Christians were a minority in a pagan society and persecuted for their beliefs. Being physically present on top of the acropolis and imagining the majesty that it must of exuded from the top of this mountain, made this passage in the bible come to life to me. Satan's throne, what powerful words, but meaningless when you are just reading the text. Actually seeing the ruins and understanding the grandeur of the acropolis gives the words significance. As a Christian, it made me grasp the difficulty it must of been to be a minority in a vast empire. It's admirable to think about how the Christians could be so firm in their belief and faith while being persecuted and surrounded by awe-inspiring temples, but still not question their own God. 

Assignment 6

The fall of Israel based on the texts we have read would be contributed to the people breaking the covenant with God. The Lord is angry because they have been worshiping other gods, forsaking the poor, being promiscuous and vain, and priests are ruling by means and not virtue. The people of Israel would send their prayers and praises to Baal, but in time of need they would cry for God's help. Israelites did not fear the Lord, but only wanted his deliverance and blessings: "Truly in vain is salvation hoped for from the hills, and from the multitude of mountains: truly in the Lord of our God is the salvation of Israel (Jeremiah 3.23)." 

Then when God does deliver the people of Israel, they worship their own work and do not humble themselves before God, which angered him more. Israel was then destined to fall by an army up north and its people would scatter around the world and become servants and strangers in a foreign land. God would not hear or answer their prayers until they amend their ways. If the Israelites can acknowledge their transgressions and cleanse themselves from their filthiness, then the Lord will give them a new heart and the spirit of Himself. 

"Then shall ye remember your own evil ways, and your doings that were not good, and shall loth yourselves in yourselves in your own sight or iniquities and for your abominations (Ezekiel 36.31)," which reminds me of the gothic period in western Europe. The more solemn time in history, where Christians felt that because of the original sin we are naturally sinful so we must repent in order to receive salvation. Worshipping seemed less hopeful and fear of the Lord ran deep within followers. However, soon came the enlightenment and people began to find hope because the new scientific discoveries and intellectual movement remind the people they were created in God's image and can do great things. The new worship style was more celebratory and glorified God by doing good works in his name: "I will greatly rejoice in the Lord, my soul shall be joyful in my God (Isaiah 61.10)." 

I always seem to relate the relationship to man to God as a child to a parent, not only because the Bible reiterates that He is our Father and we are his children, but because that is how I personally view it. The fall of Israel is similar to an under appreciated parent with a bratty child. As hard as it is to let the child go, you know you have to because it is what is best for them. I think it was hard to see mankind suffer and try to ignore his prayers, but it's what made us appreciate God's blessings and love. When you continue to try to nurture someone that takes you for granted, then the problem just get's worse. 

My cousin, like the Israelites, has lived a blessed life with a good home and family. His parents would do anything for him and care for him deeply, which he knew and he took advantage of this. He lied, twisted words, and played the victim in order to get attention and people's sympathy. Then he started to just do whatever he wanted and disregarded other's feelings because he knew that everyone still loved him and would help him regardless how many people he hurt. If he needed money, he wouldn't hesitate to ask, but then would go around saying that he earned all the money from working long hours at his job, which he didn't even had. Or if he got in trouble somehow he would always blame it on someone else, "Someone put the drugs in my car," or "my teacher doesn't like me, so that's why I failed." He never took responsibility for his own actions and by nurturing him constantly we were just fueling the fire. My uncle kicked him out of the house, but continues to still help him and give him money. Nothing will ever change until they give him some tough love and let him learn on his own how good he has it. 

I think that is what God was trying to accomplish with the fall of Israel. I mean you don't know what you have until you lose it, right? But when the people have repented their sins and opened their hearts to God then He "will settle you after your old estates, and will do better unto you then at your beginnings: and ye shall know that I am the Lord (Ezekiel 36.11)." 

Assignment 9

Morning breakfast over the terrace of our hotel in Istanbul at 6:30am was both beautiful and dreadful, but our four hour bus ride to the boat ferry across the Dardanelles was plentiful amount of time to catch up on some sleep and reading. Turkish people always take a tea/bathroom break every two to two and a half hours and it was a fun stop to participant in a local tradition. All the buses pulled into this cafe/diner/market place with several tables and chairs. There was not quite a waiter or a cashier. We just followed the locals to this window where all the waiters were making two and busily passing them out to those sitting at the tables. It was a little overwhelming because the waiters would turn to you and ask you what you wanted to order, so I stood there timidly there for a while till I got the nerve to ask for erma cay, or apple tea. Then the waiter/barista asked me for one turkish lira and place it on a pile of money casually on a dish. Shortly, a waiter came by with my apple tea to my table and I was able to enjoy the delicious turkish drink. Although it is so similar to apple cider, I have a tendency to call it that.

I have noticed in a lot of the store vendors or services are very casual about their business. When we were buying antique arabic calligraphy paintings the other day, the man made change for my large bill from his own wallet when the cash register was out of money. 

Also, I thought it was strange how all the products were just placed out in the open. For example, when walking up to the Athena temple the road was lined with street vendors with their products out in the open. My first initial thought is how we have always been warned about pick pocketing and theft in Turkey or anywhere outside the U.S, but why aren't these street vendors worried about their products. Someone could easily just grab it and run. Sometimes I would see the salesman sleeping in the back of their store hut or not even present at all. Then I thought, maybe it is because of the fellowship because the citizens of Turkey. I wouldn't want to rob anyone personally, but especially not my fellow Americans. Also, I would assume that all the shop keeps around are friends and would look out for each other. I noticed that even though they sell the same products sometimes, they don't seem competitive. In other countries I have visited the adjacent sales person would convince you to look at their products instead and jockey for your business. 

Perhaps the high levels of practicing Muslims in Turkey make it more morally sound than other countries. I understand that they still have petty theft, but it doesn't seem like they do it to each other. I could be totally wrong because I have not researched it. However, I could understand there being a correlation with the religious practices and not trying to sabotage your fellow Muslims. In the Bible, especially the old testament, it seemed like an Us against Them mentality which could be said for all religions. Crusades and terrorism can be considered extreme cases of fighting for what you believe to be right and devour those who you think are wrong. 

Anyways, we visited Troy right after the ferry ride which was quite an experience in itself considering we didn't know where the bus was and watched it drive off the ferry without five of us. I think the coolest thing about Troy was that the myth became more real. I actually stood in the spot where Priam watched Hector was slain and looked out where his body would of been dishonored and dragged across the dirt. 

We could also see the layers upon which Troy was built. One on top of another a new city would rise and cover the old, forgotten one. I thought this tied back into our discussion of sacred spots because it seems odd that you would build a city nine times on top of another. Why? Why this spot? If anything this spot was terrible because it was right on the harbor where invaders came through to come inland. 

Then we ventured to Assos where the ruins of the temple of Athena are on top of a hill with breathtaking views. Looking at the land of Lesbos was surreal because I always read about it in greek mythology and actually seeing it made the stories come alive. As scaling the Athena Temple in Assos and climbing on the ruins to take silly pictures made the greek mythologies of the God's more understandable to me. Sometimes it's hard to grasp how people as intellectual as the Greeks were to believe in such overtop myths about the Greek Gods. However, standing on top of the hilltop seeing the temple ruins and imagining the majesty of what it was while overlooking the sea and surrounding islands makes the idea more tangible. The favor and mixed up emotions of the Gods were very real to the Greeks and were not to be played with. Could you imagine hulling all those rocks and stones up that hill in order to build a grand temple? I had trouble just walking up it with my backpack, but it was worth the view for me and for the ancient Greeks it was worth the protection of Athena, the goddess of wisdom in war.   

Maybe that's what the miracles and the prophesies meant to the Jews in the Old Testament. Although they went astray and angered the Lord, the hard evidence of God's power and loyalty to them was enough to make them believe again and walk in his path (well at least for a generation or two). Perhaps that's why sacred relics are so important to every faith and anything really. When we were in the Blue Mosque there was a an exhibition with Islamic artifacts like Muhammad's beard and Moses' walking stick, which are far fetched but people did stand reverently in front of them. I think to some it was a encouraging to them to see their beliefs with their own eyes. Faith is really about knowing what you can't see, but it doesn't hurt to actually see and feel the truth behind it all. I know that is not possible, but even something as small as Muhammed's beard can keep faith and hope alive in a lot of people. 

Assignment 8

Thursday we went to the famous Spice Market, which is quite small in comparison to the Grand Bazaar but I found it much more preferable. The scents of the exotic spices, herbs, and teas filled the pavilion and lured you into certain shops (if the Turkish men with funny english catch phrases did not). Looking at the various products made me appreciate the rich blend in culture that has shaped the Turkey. Obviously not all the spices were found in Turkey, but imported from various places around the world like India, Africa, Asia. 

As Americans, I feel like we are isolated from other cultures not just geographically, but by choice. We think too highly of ourselves and are not open to what other cultures have to offer. Turkey and most other countries in Europe and Asia have integrated other traditions into their own making a true melting pot of values. For example, Chenk, our tour guide, discussed how the Europeans adapted European coffee from the Turkish coffee. The Austrians still import the Turkish tradition to this day and have incorporated it into their daily lives.

It's like in Aladdin when is taking Jasmine on a magic carpet and he sings of how he can open her eyes to a whole new world (my four year old niece asked me how he literally can open her eyes). Having a magic carpet or a perhaps a plane really opens your eyes to the world around you and discover new things and adventures.

I've studied the globe and understand the orientation of it, but actually being straddled between Europe and Asia made me realize the proximity of all these amazing civilizations. Greece is a boat ride away! For some reason that blows my mind. Maybe it's because I live in Texas and just getting out of the state takes forever, but in Europe each country and it's unique heritage is like Rhode Island to Connecticut. 

Friday we took a train? or maybe an above ground metro? to Taksim Square, which is a popular place for locals to go. We had help from many Turkish people getting there because we clearly looked like lost, confused tourists. When we were on the subway, I guess you could call it ha, one of the locals overheard us trying to figure out which stop to go to and he explained that we had to get off at the next stop and switch trains in order to get to Kabatas (our stop to switch to the metro to get to the square). At first we were confused because the train clearly said that it lead to Kabatas, but when he lead us to the other side we realized that the train we were just on went backwards the way we came. Therefore, if we stayed on that train we would of headed straight back to our hotel! When we finally got to Kabatas we had to switch to an underground metro, but it was another 2 TL so we decided to walk up the steep slope up to the square. I really thought the stairs would never end, but when we finally reached the top locals were very friendly in pointing us in the direction of the square. I have found that most Turkish people are very friendly and helpful. 

            Taksim Square could kind of be compared to Times Square in New York. It seemed like the central hub of Istanbul. Lots of cool spots to eat and shop! It seemed more modern and contemporary compared to Sultanhamet, where we were staying. There was a modern mall and western stores like Nike, Adidas, and Gap. However, there were a lot of clothing brand stores that I have never heard of and assumed might of been a Turkish or perhaps a middle eastern clothing line? It was refreshing to go to the more contemporary side of Istanbul, because we have been studying all the ancient buildings and we forget that Istanbul is actually very modern and fast becoming a fashion capital of the world (which i learned in America's Next Top Model). I think I overheard too that some students study business here in Istanbul and it is becoming a better industrial city. 

            Our first stop in Taksim Square was Bambi Burgers, which was a Turkish fast food chain. I had the Islek Hamburger, which was a buttered burger bun with melted cheese and lamb meat covered with a marina tomato sauce! It was delicious! I would choose it over McDonalds anyday. I also had a lamb wrapped in a pita type bread but pressed like a panini. Oddly they put french fries within the sandwich. One of my fellow classmates, David, pointed at a specific sandwich but later realized he accidentally order a cow tongue sandwich! You soon realize the difficulty of the language barrier when coming to a foreign country. 

Assignment 7

The Hagia Sophia was located about five minutes away from our hotel. It stood prominently in the hippodrome close to the Blue Mosque. The hippodrome was once a chariot racing stadium with three large structures in the middle that would serve as distance markers that the horses would race around. The first structure was an egyptian obelisk, then a iron statue of three serpent heads weaving around each other, and lastly was another older obelisk which previously had elaborate gold decorations. 

            Directly within the gates of the Hagia Sophia looked like what seemed to be a royal cemetery or a burial place for the previous priests. I originally thought that it may have been a cemetery for the ancient temple that the Hagia Sophia was built on top of. However, what I assumed were tombs had christian crosses on it. The ruins of the ancient temple still remain outside of the Hagia Sophia and the architect actually used some of the stones from the temple. My classmates and I discussed the interesting phenomena about sacred locations around the world that many different religions share. If all of the various faiths and practices are so different, then how is that we find the same spot of land so sacred. The greek worship of the gods of Mount Olympus is very different from the Christian beliefs, but still the byzantine empire built their church on the very spot of an ancient pagan temple. 

The first image that you see when entering the Hagia Sophia is an intricate, beautiful mosaic of Jesus holding the holy trinity sign with a small picture of the virginMary and the angel Gabriel on each side of him. Jesus is sitting on a lavish throne and if I remember correctly there is a man at his feet begging for forgiveness (or it could of been Constantine?). The tiny mosaic pieces are maybe about 1inch by 1inch and are brilliant, vibrant colors especially the gold that makes up the majority of the mural sparkles. 

These murals were so important to the early century churches because many citizens could not read and even if they could, the Bible was in latin which was not their native language. The murals helped visually aid the church followers during the priests sermons that teach the stories and values of the bible. I believe that the mural of Jesus depicts the mercifulness and forgiving nature of Jesus because the Virgin Mary and the Angel Gabriel are at his sides and are known to be virtuous and bestow blessings on humans. Also, the halo above Jesus' head and the throne he is sitting on display his holiness and kingliness. 

Imagine all these types of murals covering all the walls of the church. How awesome would that be? Unfortunately, when the Ottoman Empire came they covered them up with plaster in order to turn it into a mosque. Luckily, some of the mosaics were preserved underneath the plaster Some of the other mosaics that were uncovered depicted jesus either as an adult or as a baby in Virgin Mary's arms. One mural showed Constantine offering a model of the church to Jesus. This demonstrates how the church was not only to serve functionally for worship, but it's beauty was to please God. 

The Hagia Sophia was later converted to a mosque during the Ottoman Empire. Today it exists as a museum and displays both the former christian church and the later muslim mosque. It was interesting to compare and contrast the two different religions because it was so apparent within the walls of the sophia. Where the mosaics were able to be uncovered, you could see the symbolism in Christianity and the worship of Jesus Christ. Whereas the Islam faith prohibits symbolism and does not worship the holy trinity. Muslims believe that Jesus was the only sinless man and a prophet to the people. The elaborate mosaics were covered with plaster and painted with symmetrical shapes and flowers. There are also five large circular black plaques that have gold arabic writing that beautifully says Allah, Muhammed, and three others that I don't remember exactly. The Muslims fear symbolism because they don't want people worshiping anyone but Allah. So they create artwork from the arabic calligraphy instead. Anything written is not considered symbolism. Instead of drawing or painting pictures of Muhammed, Muslims write descriptions about him in arabic. The Hagia Sophia is a literally demonstrated of the different values and beliefs the Christians and the Muslims have. 

Assignment 5

       What concerns the prophets the most is the blatant disobedience to the covenant that Abraham first made with God. In Amos, he prophesied about the transgressions of each nation will or has committed and how God will punish them. Some of the transgressions are  "threshing instruments of iron", "pursuing his brother with the sword, and did cast off all pity, and his anger did tear perpetually, and he kept wrath forever," "ripped up the women with child of Gilead, that they might enlarge their border," "burned the bones of the king of Edom into lime," "not kept his commandments, and their lies caused them to err," "sold the righteous for silver, and the poor for a pair of shoes," "man and his father will go in unto the same maid", "profane my holy name," "lay themselves down up clothes laid to pledge by every altar," and "drink the wine of the condemned in the house of their god." Overarching themes of transgressions are violence, lack of charity, incest(?), using the lords name in vain, and violating sacred areas. 

            Also, I noted that perhaps God disapproves of humans trying to do God's work. For example, Gaza "carried away captive the whole captivity, to deliver them up to Edom." Maybe I misinterpreted the text, but I took it as that the people of Gaza were trying to be God in a way because God is the one to deliver the people. There are a lot of arguments today about physician aided death and abortion, which some argue that it is trying to play God. Even things like life support is controversial because technology is trying to override God's work. So where do we draw the line between helping people and playing God. 

           Another concern to the prophets is charity, which is very important for Christians and the BIble emphases it. Today Churches help raise money for the poor and provide food and shelter often for the homeless. They are also an advocate for the rights of the less fortunate and help raise awareness about their conditions. Essentially, Churches influence their followers to walk in the path of Jesus who was kind, generous, and helpful to everyone. Knowing that you are doing good and will be favored in God's eyes can be a good motivating force to do charity. 

            However, that can be seen as very selfish which was a concern back in the biblical times as it is now. A contemporary prophet would be concerned with greed and wealth, which is abundant in the U.S. Everyone wants the fastest cars and the finest jewelry and capitalism gives everyone the opportunity to accomplish that. By no means am I saying that capitalism is not the best for our country, on the contrary I think it's great that we live in a nation where everyone can pursue whatever they please. In addition, capitalism allows innovation and creativity to flourish because of the survival of the fittest mindset. I believe that it is the intense individualism that is rooted in our countries founding. We think in terms of how much money can I make for my family and what are the best policies to benefit me, whereas in other nations citizens are more community focused. For example, the asian culture believes in duty to your society so submission to authority is integral. Obedience is the glue that keeps the community intact and benefits everyone at the end. Another example is universal healthcare; during my last study abroad trip I studied healthcare all around the world and found that nations that due have universal healthcare don't mind that the more fortunate have to pay more based on income in order to subsidize for their fellow countrymen that are less fortunate. My uncle lives in Paris and said that the general public feels that welfare tax, you may call it, is part of their duty to their country and they actually feel compelled to pay it because it's part of being a good citizen. Selfishness and the lack of charity, I believe are two of the main concerns that contemporary prophets would have. 

Assignment 4 (BIC 3358)

       Reading a part of Judges and 1 Kings was an interesting look at the history of the Jews or at least how they perceived it. In my opinion, there is no true history, but it's a matter of perception. The way the Jews view the history of their land and the surrounding area can be very different than for example the Egyptians view it. I've always wondered how the German's view World War 2 and the Nazi Regime. I'm sure some detest that part of their past, but I wonder if they try to justify it somehow. Similarly, the Americans view slavery as a horrible act that we abolished and progressed from. However, I feel that we try to give our ancestors the benefit of the doubt like it was considered normal around the world back then or that they truly thought the Bible justified it. 

        Nonetheless, history is important to learning about another culture. Perhaps the Jewish perception of their history isn't necessarily all fact, but accurately shows the Jewish belief and values which is a better understanding of their culture. The reoccurring theme of the convenient with God is integral in Jewish faith. Repeatedly the Bible discusses God appointing a King to lead the chosen people but then he goes astray and breaks the covenant which angers God and causes chaos and destruction. Then "when the children of Israel cried unto the Lord, the Lord raised up a deliverer to the children of Israel, who delivered them (Judges 3.8)." The long history of the Jews being sold to slavery in other countries or Israel being conquered by foreign lands, but God delivering them out of suffering shows how important being faithful to the covenant is.

         In World Cultures 4, we read The Things They Carried which was the retelling of the experiences of an American soldier in the Vietnam War. The story is considered a metafiction because the characters were fictional but some of it was based on the author's, Tim O'Brien, actual experiences. Therefore, some may consider the entire book fictional, but O'Brien would argue that everything in the book is real because it portrays the real emotions and trauma the soldiers went through that facts cannot depict. 

         Basically, facts are not necessarily the truth which can be applied to almost all religions. Often archaeologists and scientists find fault in religious texts such as the Bible, but overall that is not really important what is, is the faith and hope it gives the believer. 

      

Assignment 3 (BIC 3358)

           The covenant is so important to the Jewish idea of God because it portrays them as the chosen people. "I am the Almighty God; walk before me, and be thou perfect. And I will make my covenant between me and thee, and will multiply thee exceedingly (Genesis 17)." Abraham made a sacred agreement with God to obey his command and in return be blessed with land and multiply fruitfully. God warns Abram that his descendants will be slaves in a foreign land, but God will soon pass judgment on their oppressors and bring them to the promise land. "Lord came unto Abram in a vision, saying, Fear not, Abram: I am thy shield, and thy exceeding great reward (Genesis 15.1)"
            God would test Abraham's loyalty by asking him to sacrifice his only son Isaac. Right before Abraham was about to light the altar on fire an angel of God said he did not have to follow through because it was a test to see his fear of the Lord. The idea that one should fear the Lord's wrath more than earthly suffering is very important in Jewish faith. It demonstrates that obedience to the Lord will result in great reward on earth or after death in Heaven. "Now therefore, if ye will obey my voice indeed, and keep my covenant, then ye shall be a peculiar treasure unto me above all people: for all the earth is mine (Exodus 19.5)."
          During this time the Jews were outcasts in the world because they believed in just one God versus the popular polytheistic beliefs. They roamed the earth being tormented, but the covenant provided peace of mind and strength for the Jews. I think the idea of the covenant and the promised land is even more important today because of the fight between Jews and Muslims over the land of Israel. Both groups believe that the land was promised to them by the Lord or Allah. Many of the sacred areas and buildings are shared between both religions but each wants sole rights to it.
            Perhaps this is ignorant of me to say but I do not understand why they cannot share the land in peace. In one of my previous BIC classes we discussed how all religion can be viewed as worshipping the same God, but with a different name and different practices. Many believe that Hinduism is a polytheistic religion, but when in fact they worship one Holy spirit called Braham. Braham is the one supreme, universal spirit that created the universe. All other deities are parts or sectors of Braham's spirit, so ultimately Hinduism is a monistic religion.
            So maybe God is the same as Allah and Allah is Braham and Braham is Buddha. Who is to say? Maybe if the world could agree on this, we could worship together and accept our different styles and practices because ultimately it is to the same higher authority.

Assignment 2 (BIC 3358)

       According to Genesis the source of evil and suffering in the world is from the simple knowledge of good and evil. Before Adam and Eve ate the fruit from the tree of knowledge, they were pure and innocent like a newborn child. They could not do an evil action or be evil because they didn't know what it was. After the serpent beguiled them into eating the fruit, they were aware of their nakedness and felt shame. God cursed the snake to always be on their belly, woman would have painful child labor and submit to their husbands rule, and men will till cursed land for food.

       In comparison, a newborn child knows no hardship because they are nurtured and cared for constantly. Then as they grow they recognize pain and hardship and lose their childlike innocence. When you're a child you assume that the world is all good because you are yourself, but then slowly you realize that their exists a lot of evil in this world. 

       Also, I believe that Genesis claims that desire and selfishness can be another source of evil. After Abel earned the respect from God for his offerings and Cain didn't, anger and wrath swelled in Cain's heart. God warned Cain to conquer his desires or else they will overtake him, which they did. Cain murdered his brother and poisoned the earth. Mankind would further suffer because the earth will not yield all of its fruits. The Lord stated that whoever would take vengeance on Cain would be troubled sevenfold. This demonstrates how one's greed can lead to violence and sin. 

        "And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually (Genesis 6.5)" Evil began to exponentiate as vengeance and violence brewed on earth.
         Similarly, Buddhist believe that evil is derived out of selfishness. When a person only cares about his own well-being and neglects others then evil is manifested. I think that is why Buddhist and Asian culture in general is so submissive to authority. Confucius discusses the importance of order because it is for the betterment of society. Each individual is willing to do their part or role in society because it helps everyone and in turn themselves. A person is also obedient and respectful because if they are not it is disruptive to the order and system. So when a person does something evil or harmful to the community, it is out of greed and selfishness.